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The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve, named after the German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus, is a concept in cognitive psychology that illustrates the rate at which our memory of things fades over time. This is very important to consider in any corporate learning or training intervention.
The forgetting curve represents the decline of memory retention over time and emphasises the importance of active efforts to retain information in our long-term memory. In this article, we will look at the history of the Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve, discuss factors that influence memory retention, and explore strategies to improve retention and reduce forgetting.
The Story Behind the Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve:
Hermann Ebbinghaus first introduced the forgetting curve in his 1885 work, “Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology.” He conducted a series of experiments to understand the process of forgetting and memory retention, i.e., how we forget and retain information. Ebbinghaus tested his own memory using random groups of letters, noting how many times he needed to repeat them to remember and relearn them. He found a consistent pattern in how quickly he forgot things, which he represented as a curve.
Understanding the Forgetting Curve
The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve is a graph that shows how memory fades over time. The graph shows that we forget the most within the first 20 minutes to one hour after learning something. After that, the rate of forgetting slows down. According to the curve, after about one day, memory loss levels out, with little decline in the days, weeks, and month that follow. On average, when people learn something new, they only remember 21% of what they have learnt after 31 days. While the rate of forgetting may slow down over time it continues to decline further.
This is an important statistic to take into consideration when planning and selecting corporate learning interventions. You can actually structure and develop learning experiences to counter this effect and optimise memory retention.
What Affects Memory Retention?
There are several factors that can change how quickly we forget things and how well we remember them:
- Strength of Memory Encoding:
The more strongly a memory is encoded, the slower we forget it. Strong encoding can be achieved through focused attention, emotional associations, and relating new information to things we already know. - The Type of Information:
It’s usually harder to remember complex or abstract information compared to simple or concrete information. - Context and Environment:
Our ability to remember things can be influenced by the environment where we learned the information and our mental state during learning. - Interference:
If we learn similar or competing information, it can make it harder to remember the original information.
How to Improve Memory Retention
Here are some strategies to help you remember things better and fight the forgetting curve:
- Spaced Repetition:
Reviewing information at increasing time intervals can help you remember better. This works because each time you repeat something, it becomes stronger in your memory, making it harder to forget. - Active Recall:
Testing yourself on the information you’ve learned, like quizzing yourself or teaching others, can help strengthen your memory. - Elaborative Rehearsal:
Creating connections between new information and things you already know can improve your memory. This could involve relating the information to your own experiences, visualizing it, or using memory tricks (mnemonics). - Sleep and Memory Consolidation:
Sleep is important for turning short-term memories into long-term memories. Getting enough sleep can help improve your memory.
In summary, the Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve is an important idea for understanding how memory works and how we need to actively work to keep information in our long-term memory. By knowing what affects memory and using strategies like spaced repetition, active recall, and elaborative rehearsal, we can fight the forgetting curve and make the most of our learning and memory abilities.